Restriction of alcohol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Restriction of alcohol - Research Paper Example Heavy consumption of alcohol for the purpose of getting intoxicated is, in modern terms, called binge drinking which is actually the consumption of five or more drinks in a row in a week. There are many reasons behind why people want to binge drink. The most important is peer pressure. People, including students, see others around doing it and they want to do it too because they are curious and because the media, bars and companies make heavy drinking sound like a fun activity. Youngsters binge drink because they want to feel grown up; elders binge drink for several other reasons which include de-stressing oneself, removing boredom, socializing, trying to stand out in crowd (hedonistic or macho drinkers), or removing depression. Whatever the reason may be, heavy consumption of alcohol is hazardous in nature. Some disastrous effects include affected brain activity, memory and concentration; increased emotional mood swings; inability to perceive the direction of sound; dysfunctional re productive system; increased risk of breast cancer (Doheny); affected driving leading to accidents; and, family violence. I predicted that although people might binge drink to de-stress themselves, but there are so many adverse effects related to it that people will support my hypothesis that heavy alcohol consumption must be restricted by law, and for every age. Although there is much research done in the past regarding this issue, still there are research gaps that need to be filled in. Most of the researchers have focused on student binge drinking. Wechsler et al. conducted research on 17592 college students and found that students who binge drink suffer from serious health issues and behavioral problems that bother others at the institute. Researchers (Wechsler et al.; Chaloupka and Wechsler) support the fact that legal interventions are required to stop binge drinking in college students. Pridemore studied how binge drinking leads to

Financial Statement forecast for General Mills Essay

Financial Statement forecast for General Mills - Essay Example We have put together 5 financial parameters(Matz, 1980) in Chart 4.1.1. The 5 parameters are Cost of Good Sold as a percentage of Sales ("CGS%S"); Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses as a percentage of Sales ("SGA%S"); Operating Current Asset as a percentage of Sales ("OCA%S"); Property, Plant, and Equipment as a percentage of Sales ("PP&E%S"); and Other Intangible Assets as a percentage of Sales ("OIA%S"). The percentage of Cost of Goods Sold in relation to the total Sales is ranges from the start in the year 2000 at forty eight percent and fluctuates every year until it reaches its highest percentage of fifty seven percent in the year 2005. The cost of goods sold percentage in relation to Sales then is fixed at fifty six percent starting the following year, 2006, until the last year 2026. The Sales, General and Administrative Expenses percentage in relation to sales starts at the very high twenty seven percent and goes down to twenty six percent in 2001. The percentage then goes further down to its lowest ratio of twenty two percent. The percentage of this expense over sales is finally forecasted to stay at the ratio of twenty three percent starting in the year 2006 until the last year 2026. The Total Current assets percentage over sales starts at a low twenty three percent. The ratio, then, starts picking up until it reaches the next position at twenty nine percent. The ratio then fluctuates mostly in the ratio of twenty seven percent. The ratio reaches further up to thirty seven percent. The new ratio then reaches again a higher ratio of Fifty four percent, sixty percent, and even until the highest ratio of seventy percent until the last year of the forecast 2026. The ratio of net plan, property and equipment (PPE) in relation to sales(Meigs, 1995) is fluctuates. In the year 2000, the ratio is twenty three percent. The ratio goes up to thirty five percent in the year 2002 and even goes down to twenty six percent. This ratio is fixed at twenty six percent starting the year 2006 until the last forecasted year 2026. The ratio of Other Long term operating assets to sales fluctuates from the year 2000 at thirty eight percent until reaches its highest ratio of one hundred twenty four percent in the year 2003. The ratio is then forecasted to be fixed at one hundred two percent within the time period of 2006 to 2026. Based on the Table 1 found after the References Section, the graph is shown below as figure Chart 4.1.1 as follows. For more information concerning the specific values of each ratio, you may refer to Table 4.1.1 of the appendix A. Chart 4.1.1 Trend of 5 financial ratios from 2000 to 2026 To conclude this section, we would like to discuss the Dividend Payout Ratio ("DPOR"). From the chart, we may observe that the company had high DPORs in late 2000 till 2005. Indeed, the Company is among the top food and beverage companies in the United States and around the world both in giving out Dividend to its shareholders(Meigs, 1992) and filling the demands of its discriminating clients. Dividend Pay

Evolution of Rights and Responsibilities as Compared Between Native Essay

Evolution of Rights and Responsibilities as Compared Between Native American, African American and European American Women in th - Essay Example Tracing the social organization of Native American societies in the 18th century, Theda Perdue observes that these cultures practiced a well delineated division of labor between the sexes. She gives the example of the Wahpeton Dakota community where men and women lived three months of each year apart as the former hunted muskrats while the latter was involved in the production of sugar (Perdue 1999). Such a gendered division of labor, though perhaps not in consonance with modern notions of equity, ensured to Native American women a considerable degree of social autonomy, that which was denied to them during the heyday of the colonial era. Perdue thus refers to Bernard Romans to illustrate the manner which racial and gender intolerance mingled to in the manner in which Native American women were portrayed in the accounts of the early European settlers- â€Å"Their strength is great, and they labor hard, carrying very heavy bundles a great distance; they are lascivious, and have no id ea of chastity in a girl† (Romans qtd in Perdue 1999). The above description points to the collusion between racial and gender stereotypes whereby Eurocentric prescriptive notions of femininity were superimposed upon Native American women. The most striking shift in power equations could be seen in the case of the Cherokees. Anthropologists observe that Cherokee women had equal ownership of land and property, a practice that changed with the tribe being forced to sell significant portions of their land holdings to the United States government. The colonial government entered into these agreements with the men of community, rendering at once, the traditional parity of gender in these groups awry and creating a distinct hierarchy between the sexes (â€Å"Native women are fighting for their rights – and their lives† n.d.). This rupture within the community was deepened by then Voting Rights laws put forth for Native Americans by the American government. Till 1924, t ribes were often compelled to abandon their social and cultural affiliations with their respective groups in order to gain the right to vote in American elections. Yet again, the men already rendered more powerful due to superior economic rights had a more pronounce incentive in giving up their tribe affiliations (â€Å"Native women are fighting for their rights – and their lives† n.d.). The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was enacted chiefly to acknowledge the contribution of Native American troops in World War I. The act led to the reduction of federal involvement in Native American community life and increased the role of tribal self-governance. Though it was unprecedented in the autonomy that it conferred upon the Native Americans within the USA, the act also consolidated their â€Å"outsideness† and hence was not equally well received across Native American communities. Furthermore, the restoration of land to Native Americans yet again accentuated gender inequalities as it did not ensure equitable distribution between the sexes

Food management system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food management system - Essay Example allergens are amino-acids in chemical compositions; they can be present in food in large concentration and yet escape detection during food processing process (Guidance on Allergen Management and Consumer Information, 2010). These allergic reactions are accompanied by extensive release of chemicals in the body that create an auto-immune cascade in the immune system on ingestion. There are certain identified food products that are prone to allergic contamination especially the fish, celery, cereals and other egg and mustard containing food items (Fish Allergy - What You Need to Know, 2014). However, these products need to be labelled according to current allergen labelling legislation in order to protect consumers from unsuitable immune reactions. The allergen management is essential in safe-guarding consumers from adverse reactions of allergy and involves the handling of instruments, utensils, and packaging the food products. This process is vital for identifying food allergens and the consequences of their intake by sensitive individuals. The management takes care of avoiding cross-contamination of food during preparation and processing by major food allergens (Allergen management and Labelling for pre-packed foods, 2014). This food management process is comprise of managing waste, cleaning procedures, and managing people movements to canteen and other visitors. The manufacturing process also requires the system of observing people movements as it can transmit allergens on their clothing or hands. Moreover, the handling activities of raw materials during harvesting and transport can transmit allergens and requires clear specifications of their suppliers. Further, the ingredients of the dish, as in this case is fish, ham and chicken pie with mustard, celery, white wine and cheese, are need to check of potential for allergy as certain proteins in fish and amylase in mustard can trigger immune reactions on intake (Fish Allergy - What You Need to Know, 2014). The

Evolution of Rights and Responsibilities as Compared Between Native Essay

Evolution of Rights and Responsibilities as Compared Between Native American, African American and European American Women in th - Essay Example Tracing the social organization of Native American societies in the 18th century, Theda Perdue observes that these cultures practiced a well delineated division of labor between the sexes. She gives the example of the Wahpeton Dakota community where men and women lived three months of each year apart as the former hunted muskrats while the latter was involved in the production of sugar (Perdue 1999). Such a gendered division of labor, though perhaps not in consonance with modern notions of equity, ensured to Native American women a considerable degree of social autonomy, that which was denied to them during the heyday of the colonial era. Perdue thus refers to Bernard Romans to illustrate the manner which racial and gender intolerance mingled to in the manner in which Native American women were portrayed in the accounts of the early European settlers- â€Å"Their strength is great, and they labor hard, carrying very heavy bundles a great distance; they are lascivious, and have no id ea of chastity in a girl† (Romans qtd in Perdue 1999). The above description points to the collusion between racial and gender stereotypes whereby Eurocentric prescriptive notions of femininity were superimposed upon Native American women. The most striking shift in power equations could be seen in the case of the Cherokees. Anthropologists observe that Cherokee women had equal ownership of land and property, a practice that changed with the tribe being forced to sell significant portions of their land holdings to the United States government. The colonial government entered into these agreements with the men of community, rendering at once, the traditional parity of gender in these groups awry and creating a distinct hierarchy between the sexes (â€Å"Native women are fighting for their rights – and their lives† n.d.). This rupture within the community was deepened by then Voting Rights laws put forth for Native Americans by the American government. Till 1924, t ribes were often compelled to abandon their social and cultural affiliations with their respective groups in order to gain the right to vote in American elections. Yet again, the men already rendered more powerful due to superior economic rights had a more pronounce incentive in giving up their tribe affiliations (â€Å"Native women are fighting for their rights – and their lives† n.d.). The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was enacted chiefly to acknowledge the contribution of Native American troops in World War I. The act led to the reduction of federal involvement in Native American community life and increased the role of tribal self-governance. Though it was unprecedented in the autonomy that it conferred upon the Native Americans within the USA, the act also consolidated their â€Å"outsideness† and hence was not equally well received across Native American communities. Furthermore, the restoration of land to Native Americans yet again accentuated gender inequalities as it did not ensure equitable distribution between the sexes

People of Lubbock and Recycling Behavior Research Paper - 1

People of Lubbock and Recycling Behavior - Research Paper Example This research paper describes the effective waste management strategies that can be aplied to the people of Lubbock town, United Kingdom. The researcher analyzes human behaviour of the town residents and discusses strategies that can increase the effective waste management in the community. In order to increase recycling rates amongst the residents of Lubbock, the researcher believes a holistic approach, integrating Azjen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour and Barr et al’s Environmental Conceptual Framework is necessary in order to provide a better understanding of environmental actions. The literature presented in this research paper indicates that unit based pricing and variable rate systems are the most effective economic means to reduce municipal waste disposal and increase recycling rates. However, a range of non-economic factors have also been shown to motivate people to recycle, in which effective recycling strategies must be highly convenient for people to use and ac cess. However, Reschovskey and Stone also acknowledge that’s people’s intrinsic and extrinsic attitudes and values towards the environment affect recycling rates. People who express altruistic tendencies and greater environmentally positive attitudes tend to recycle more frequently. To conclude, the researcher states that these findings indicate that policy makers also need to raise people’s environmental awareness in order for them to develop an eco-centric perspective and values towards sustainable waste management issues.

Implementation Essay Example for Free

Implementation Essay The article by Pressman and Wildavsky analyses the problems associated with the implementation of EDA plan in Oakland. The Congress established the Economic Development Administration which went to different cities with the mandate of empowering the minority groups by providing them with jobs. The administration chose Oakland as a pilot project to experiment how provision of incentives such as loans and public works could create permanent jobs for the minority groups. Years later, the project proves to gain no fruits with the construction work at stand still and the loans plan dead and thus creating no jobs for the minority population. Following the failure of the plan, the authors try to figure out the main reasons why a plan that had big expectations and the federal government invested a lot of money in did not workout. The article also aims at creating an insight in the implementation of future project based on what happened on the Economic Development Administration plan in Oakland. The authors use the situation at the Oakland Economic Development Administration to relate to other similar policies and project and make several recommendations in the implementation of public policies. The article is therefore useful to public administrators who intend to implement project in the future. Due to the high level of unemployment, the political situation and the possibility of riots in Oakland, the city was the perfect choice for the experiment. During the first stages of implementation, there was a lot of hope in the plan. It was a new project and was funded by the central government and therefore was given priority over other projects in the city. Due to this, very many people were concerned with the progress of the project. Leaders and the political elites were very interested in it and were very committed to decisions touching directly on the project. Moreover, the money available for the implementation of the project was sufficiently enough to reduce the unemployment level in Oakland significantly. However, the pressure in the implementation was so high and decisions had to be made fast (Pressman Wildavsky, 1984). Due to pressure that forced quick decisions, projects were chosen and endorsed hurriedly to create the much needed jobs. The original projects included 10. 65 million dollars being allocated for an airport hangar, 10. 5 million dollars for a marine terminal, 2. 2 million dollars for a port industrial park and 414,000 dollars for an access road. Later, other projects like hangars in small airports, air cargo terminal and airport tower were added to the list. Unfortunately, as the project was being implemented, some problems emerged. One of the major problems was the false characterization of the experiment by the Economic Development Administration. Previously, government agencies had worked in the rural settings and therefore had a mindset on how such policies were to be implemented. Therefore, it became very hard for them to change their approach in the case of Oakland which was an urban center. The excitements of the new project faded very fast while the changes in the leadership and the complicated governance in Oakland delayed the implementation of the program. The problems in contracting and delayed implementation resulted in an increase in the total cost of the project. For example the estimated cost of the airport hangar went up by over five million dollars between 1966 and 1968. The changes in the leadership changed the commitment of leadership in the project. As time went on, the leadership in Washington was less committed or concerned with the progress of the project which was basically due to the change in leadership. The Economic Development Administration was also faced with a dilemma of whether to strive to perform and promise since different companies had received loans but had not kept their promise. Many companies did not follow the agreement after receiving the loans. The program was faced with numerous problems such that the number of jobs created was much less than the anticipated at the launch of the program. After analyzing the implementation of EDA in Oakland, the article makes some recommendations based on the failures of the program. The first recommendation is that, in the implementation of a policy, the implementation and the policy cannot be separated. Policy makers should therefore ensure that implementation is part of the initial policy making process. To reduce delays, the policy makers should formulate means that can be used to accomplish the program and eliminate the possibility of quick decisions in the implementation process. If the process of making decisions is made simple by making the process simpler, the likelihood of delays and possibility of failure is greatly reduced. The creations of proper machinery in the implementation and execution of the policy is also essential in the success of the program (Hill Hupe, 2002). The article then relates the analysis of the Oakland scenario with other situations related to the Economic Development Administration such as providing foreign aids. In this situation, there are needs that must be satisfied combined with the need to spend the funds provided in a hurry. These need and the pressure therein does not provide the correct atmosphere for the implementation of the policy. The article concludes that combining different decisions in the implementation of a policy has some positive as well as negative outcomes. Therefore if a policy is good and the execution of the program is also good, then the possibility of positive outcome is high. Similarly, if a policy is bad and the execution is poor, the outcome is also positive. However, if there is a combination of good and bad, there is always a problem associated in the implementation and there will be negative outcome. Rather than the individuals involved in the policy implementation â€Å"knowing that† they should be â€Å"knowing how† if the implementation has to yield fruits. Having knowledge on the facts and methods of implementing the policy and how to make things happen is equally important (Pressman Wildavsky, 1984). The two authors, Pressman and Wildavsky make keys suggestions on how policies should be developed. Their suggestions are based on careful analysis of the Oakland Economic Development Administration experimentation. Although the details is the Oakland project are very interesting to the reader, the way the two authors apply these details to other similar projects in the country is more interesting. Although the project implementation took place over four decades ago, the analysis is still very relevant in administration of programs today. The most important lesson from the article is that policy makers should consider the implementation of the policy as important as policy itself. The article also acknowledges the role of interest groups in the success of any public policy.